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Τι (ποιος) είναι cyanobacteria - ορισμός
![display-authors = 1}}</ref> and proposed for cyanobacteria (lower panel). Cells exposed to extreme injury die in an uncontrollable manner, reflecting the loss of structural integrity. This type of cell death is called "accidental cell death" (ACD). “Regulated cell death (RCD)” is encoded by a genetic pathway that can be modulated by genetic or pharmacologic interventions. [[Programmed cell death]] (PCD) is a type of RCD that occurs as a developmental program, and has not been addressed in cyanobacteria yet. RN, regulated necrosis.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Cell death in eukaryotes and cyanobacteria.jpg?width=200 "display-authors = 1}}</ref> and proposed for cyanobacteria (lower panel). Cells exposed to extreme injury die in an uncontrollable manner, reflecting the loss of structural integrity. This type of cell death is called \"accidental cell death\" (ACD). “Regulated cell death (RCD)” is encoded by a genetic pathway that can be modulated by genetic or pharmacologic interventions. [[Programmed cell death]] (PCD) is a type of RCD that occurs as a developmental program, and has not been addressed in cyanobacteria yet. RN, regulated necrosis.")
![50px]] Material was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License].</ref>}}](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Collective behaviour and lifestyle choices in single-celled cyanobacteria.webp?width=200 "50px]] Material was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License].</ref>}}")
![Light microscope view of cyanobacteria from a [[microbial mat]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Cyanobacteria guerrero negro.jpg?width=200 "Light microscope view of cyanobacteria from a [[microbial mat]]")
![[[Epiphytic]] ''[[Calothrix]] ''cyanobacteria (arrows) in symbiosis with a ''[[Chaetoceros]]'' diatom. Scale bar 50 μm.}}](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Cyanobacteria in symbiosis with a diatom.png?width=200 "[[Epiphytic]] ''[[Calothrix]] ''cyanobacteria (arrows) in symbiosis with a ''[[Chaetoceros]]'' diatom. Scale bar 50 μm.}}")
![50px]] Material was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License].</ref>}} Live cyanobionts (cyanobacterial symbionts) belonging to ''[[Ornithocercus]]'' [[dinoflagellate]] host consortium<br />(a) ''O. magnificus'' with numerous cyanobionts present in the upper and lower girdle lists (black arrowheads) of the cingulum termed the symbiotic chamber.<br />(b) ''O. steinii'' with numerous cyanobionts inhabiting the symbiotic chamber.<br />(c) Enlargement of the area in (b) showing two cyanobionts that are being divided by binary transverse fission (white arrows).](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Cyanobacterial symbionts of Ornithocercus dinoflagellate 2.png?width=200 "50px]] Material was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License].</ref>}} Live cyanobionts (cyanobacterial symbionts) belonging to ''[[Ornithocercus]]'' [[dinoflagellate]] host consortium<br />(a) ''O. magnificus'' with numerous cyanobionts present in the upper and lower girdle lists (black arrowheads) of the cingulum termed the symbiotic chamber.<br />(b) ''O. steinii'' with numerous cyanobionts inhabiting the symbiotic chamber.<br />(c) Enlargement of the area in (b) showing two cyanobionts that are being divided by binary transverse fission (white arrows).")
![bibcode=2021NatCo..12.3475H}}</ref>}} Outer and plasma membranes are in blue, thylakoid membranes in gold, glycogen granules in cyan, [[carboxysome]]s (C) in green, and a large dense polyphosphate granule (G) in pink](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Cyanobacterial thylakoid membrane.png?width=200 "bibcode=2021NatCo..12.3475H}}</ref>}} Outer and plasma membranes are in blue, thylakoid membranes in gold, glycogen granules in cyan, [[carboxysome]]s (C) in green, and a large dense polyphosphate granule (G) in pink")
![''[[Synechococcus]]'' uses a gliding technique to move at 25 μm/s. Scale bar is about 10 µm.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Cyanobacteriaunicellularandcolonial020 Synechococcus.jpg?width=200 "''[[Synechococcus]]'' uses a gliding technique to move at 25 μm/s. Scale bar is about 10 µm.")
![Tree of Life in ''Generelle Morphologie der Organismen'' (1866). Note the location of the genus
''[[Nostoc]]'' with algae and not with bacteria (kingdom "Monera")](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Haeckel arbol bn.png?width=200 "Tree of Life in ''Generelle Morphologie der Organismen'' (1866). Note the location of the genus
''[[Nostoc]]'' with algae and not with bacteria (kingdom \"Monera\")")
![2,4-D]] and ''Nostoc'' spp. increases para-nodule formation and nitrogen fixation. A large number of ''Nostoc'' spp. isolates colonize the root [[endosphere]] and form para-nodules.<ref name=Lee2021 />](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Leaf and root colonization by cyanobacteria.jpg?width=200 "2,4-D]] and ''Nostoc'' spp. increases para-nodule formation and nitrogen fixation. A large number of ''Nostoc'' spp. isolates colonize the root [[endosphere]] and form para-nodules.<ref name=Lee2021 />")
![50px]] Material was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 International License].</ref>}}](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Model of a clumped cyanobacterial mat.webp?width=200 "50px]] Material was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 International License].</ref>}}")
![''[[Prochlorococcus]]'', an influential marine cyanobacterium which produces much of the world's oxygen}}](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Prochlorococcus marinus.jpg?width=200 "''[[Prochlorococcus]]'', an influential marine cyanobacterium which produces much of the world's oxygen}}")
![Spirulina]] tablets](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Spirulina tablets.jpg?width=200 "Spirulina]] tablets")
![[[Stromatolites]] left behind by cyanobacteria are the oldest known fossils of life on Earth. This fossil is one billion years old.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Stromatolites.jpg?width=200 "[[Stromatolites]] left behind by cyanobacteria are the oldest known fossils of life on Earth. This fossil is one billion years old.")
 3.jpg?width=200 "Oncolitic limestone formed from successive layers of calcium carbonate precipitated by cyanobacteria")
![[[Oncolite]]s from the [[Late Devonian]] [[Alamo bolide impact]] in Nevada](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/OncolitesAlamoBreccia.jpg?width=200 "[[Oncolite]]s from the [[Late Devonian]] [[Alamo bolide impact]] in Nevada")
![Cyanobacteria activity turns [[Coatepeque Caldera]] lake a turquoise color](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Lago de coatepeque de color.jpg?width=200 "Cyanobacteria activity turns [[Coatepeque Caldera]] lake a turquoise color")
![Cyanobacterial bloom near [[Fiji]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/2010 Filamentous Cyanobacteria Bloom near Fiji.jpg?width=200 "Cyanobacterial bloom near [[Fiji]]")
![Cyanobacteria in [[Lake Köyliö]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Sinilevää Köyliönjärvessä 3.jpg?width=200 "Cyanobacteria in [[Lake Köyliö]].")
Βικιπαίδεια
Cyanobacteria (), also known as Cyanophyta, are a phylum of gram-negative bacteria that obtain energy via photosynthesis. The name cyanobacteria refers to their color (from Ancient Greek κυανός (kuanós) 'blue'), which similarly forms the basis of cyanobacteria's common name, blue-green algae, although they are not usually scientifically classified as algae. They appear to have originated in a freshwater or terrestrial environment. Sericytochromatia, the proposed name of the paraphyletic and most basal group, is the ancestor of both the non-photosynthetic group Melainabacteria and the photosynthetic cyanobacteria, also called Oxyphotobacteria.
Cyanobacteria use photosynthetic pigments, such as carotenoids, phycobilins, and various forms of chlorophyll, which absorb energy from light. Unlike heterotrophic prokaryotes, cyanobacteria have internal membranes. These are flattened sacs called thylakoids where photosynthesis is performed. Phototrophic eukaryotes such as green plants perform photosynthesis in plastids that are thought to have their ancestry in cyanobacteria, acquired long ago via a process called endosymbiosis. These endosymbiotic cyanobacteria in eukaryotes then evolved and differentiated into specialized organelles such as chloroplasts, chromoplasts, etioplasts, and leucoplasts, collectively known as plastids.
Cyanobacteria are the first organisms known to have produced oxygen. By producing and releasing oxygen as a byproduct of photosynthesis, cyanobacteria are thought to have converted the early oxygen-poor, reducing atmosphere into an oxidizing one, causing the Great Oxidation Event and the "rusting of the Earth", which dramatically changed the composition of the Earth's life forms.
The cyanobacteria Synechocystis and Cyanothece are important model organisms with potential applications in biotechnology for bioethanol production, food colorings, as a source of human and animal food, dietary supplements and raw materials. Cyanobacteria produce a range of toxins known as cyanotoxins that can pose a danger to humans and animals.
